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a Schematic diagram of chemotactic movement of Zn micromotors in Petri dish. b Normalized movement trajectories and c Corresponding statistics of the direction distribution of Zn micromotor movement ( n = 30 independent samples) were recorded when cotton soaked with 150 μM NH 3 ·H 2 O (10 μL) was added to the left side. d Normalized movement trajectories and e Corresponding statistics of the distribution of the direction distribution of Zn micromotors ( n = 30 independent samples) were recorded when cotton soaked with 1500 μM NH 3 ·H 2 O (10 μL) was added to the left side. f The movement speed of each group was compared ( n = 30 independent samples). g The Chemotactic Index (CI) values of each group were compared ( n = 30 independent samples). Results in f , g were shown as box plots (The box represents the interquartile range (IQR), with the middle line indicating the median, the top and bottom edges of the box show the upper (Q3) and lower (Q1) quartiles respectively, while the whiskers extend to the maximum and minimum values of the dataset.) DI Water is control group. h Schematic of <t>chemotaxis</t> of Zn micromotors in a three-inlet microfluidic channel. NH 3 ·H 2 O was introduced via channel A, Zn micromotors was introduced via channel B, and H 2 O is introduced via channel C. i The observation recording site when the solution of each channel reached the steady-state profile. j The trajectories of Zn micromotors were recorded at the junction of channel A and B ( n = 15 independent samples). k) Statistics on the moving direction distribution of Zn micromotors at the junction of channel A and B ( n = 15 independent samples). l The trajectory of Zn micromotors was recorded at the junction of channel B and C ( n = 15 independent samples). m Statistics on the moving direction distribution of Zn micromotors at the junction of channel B and C ( n = 15 independent samples). Data in b – g and j – m represented as mean values ± S.D. P values were analyzed by Student’s t -test (two-tailed). The asterisks (*) denote statistical significance: ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Some elements in this figure are reproduced from the MATRIX resource library, copyright Hangzhou SPHERE Tech. Ltd.
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a Schematic diagram of chemotactic movement of Zn micromotors in Petri dish. b Normalized movement trajectories and c Corresponding statistics of the direction distribution of Zn micromotor movement ( n = 30 independent samples) were recorded when cotton soaked with 150 μM NH 3 ·H 2 O (10 μL) was added to the left side. d Normalized movement trajectories and e Corresponding statistics of the distribution of the direction distribution of Zn micromotors ( n = 30 independent samples) were recorded when cotton soaked with 1500 μM NH 3 ·H 2 O (10 μL) was added to the left side. f The movement speed of each group was compared ( n = 30 independent samples). g The Chemotactic Index (CI) values of each group were compared ( n = 30 independent samples). Results in f , g were shown as box plots (The box represents the interquartile range (IQR), with the middle line indicating the median, the top and bottom edges of the box show the upper (Q3) and lower (Q1) quartiles respectively, while the whiskers extend to the maximum and minimum values of the dataset.) DI Water is control group. h Schematic of <t>chemotaxis</t> of Zn micromotors in a three-inlet microfluidic channel. NH 3 ·H 2 O was introduced via channel A, Zn micromotors was introduced via channel B, and H 2 O is introduced via channel C. i The observation recording site when the solution of each channel reached the steady-state profile. j The trajectories of Zn micromotors were recorded at the junction of channel A and B ( n = 15 independent samples). k) Statistics on the moving direction distribution of Zn micromotors at the junction of channel A and B ( n = 15 independent samples). l The trajectory of Zn micromotors was recorded at the junction of channel B and C ( n = 15 independent samples). m Statistics on the moving direction distribution of Zn micromotors at the junction of channel B and C ( n = 15 independent samples). Data in b – g and j – m represented as mean values ± S.D. P values were analyzed by Student’s t -test (two-tailed). The asterisks (*) denote statistical significance: ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Some elements in this figure are reproduced from the MATRIX resource library, copyright Hangzhou SPHERE Tech. Ltd.
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a Schematic diagram of chemotactic movement of Zn micromotors in Petri dish. b Normalized movement trajectories and c Corresponding statistics of the direction distribution of Zn micromotor movement ( n = 30 independent samples) were recorded when cotton soaked with 150 μM NH 3 ·H 2 O (10 μL) was added to the left side. d Normalized movement trajectories and e Corresponding statistics of the distribution of the direction distribution of Zn micromotors ( n = 30 independent samples) were recorded when cotton soaked with 1500 μM NH 3 ·H 2 O (10 μL) was added to the left side. f The movement speed of each group was compared ( n = 30 independent samples). g The Chemotactic Index (CI) values of each group were compared ( n = 30 independent samples). Results in f , g were shown as box plots (The box represents the interquartile range (IQR), with the middle line indicating the median, the top and bottom edges of the box show the upper (Q3) and lower (Q1) quartiles respectively, while the whiskers extend to the maximum and minimum values of the dataset.) DI Water is control group. h Schematic of <t>chemotaxis</t> of Zn micromotors in a three-inlet microfluidic channel. NH 3 ·H 2 O was introduced via channel A, Zn micromotors was introduced via channel B, and H 2 O is introduced via channel C. i The observation recording site when the solution of each channel reached the steady-state profile. j The trajectories of Zn micromotors were recorded at the junction of channel A and B ( n = 15 independent samples). k) Statistics on the moving direction distribution of Zn micromotors at the junction of channel A and B ( n = 15 independent samples). l The trajectory of Zn micromotors was recorded at the junction of channel B and C ( n = 15 independent samples). m Statistics on the moving direction distribution of Zn micromotors at the junction of channel B and C ( n = 15 independent samples). Data in b – g and j – m represented as mean values ± S.D. P values were analyzed by Student’s t -test (two-tailed). The asterisks (*) denote statistical significance: ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Some elements in this figure are reproduced from the MATRIX resource library, copyright Hangzhou SPHERE Tech. Ltd.
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a Schematic diagram of chemotactic movement of Zn micromotors in Petri dish. b Normalized movement trajectories and c Corresponding statistics of the direction distribution of Zn micromotor movement ( n = 30 independent samples) were recorded when cotton soaked with 150 μM NH 3 ·H 2 O (10 μL) was added to the left side. d Normalized movement trajectories and e Corresponding statistics of the distribution of the direction distribution of Zn micromotors ( n = 30 independent samples) were recorded when cotton soaked with 1500 μM NH 3 ·H 2 O (10 μL) was added to the left side. f The movement speed of each group was compared ( n = 30 independent samples). g The Chemotactic Index (CI) values of each group were compared ( n = 30 independent samples). Results in f , g were shown as box plots (The box represents the interquartile range (IQR), with the middle line indicating the median, the top and bottom edges of the box show the upper (Q3) and lower (Q1) quartiles respectively, while the whiskers extend to the maximum and minimum values of the dataset.) DI Water is control group. h Schematic of <t>chemotaxis</t> of Zn micromotors in a three-inlet microfluidic channel. NH 3 ·H 2 O was introduced via channel A, Zn micromotors was introduced via channel B, and H 2 O is introduced via channel C. i The observation recording site when the solution of each channel reached the steady-state profile. j The trajectories of Zn micromotors were recorded at the junction of channel A and B ( n = 15 independent samples). k) Statistics on the moving direction distribution of Zn micromotors at the junction of channel A and B ( n = 15 independent samples). l The trajectory of Zn micromotors was recorded at the junction of channel B and C ( n = 15 independent samples). m Statistics on the moving direction distribution of Zn micromotors at the junction of channel B and C ( n = 15 independent samples). Data in b – g and j – m represented as mean values ± S.D. P values were analyzed by Student’s t -test (two-tailed). The asterisks (*) denote statistical significance: ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Some elements in this figure are reproduced from the MATRIX resource library, copyright Hangzhou SPHERE Tech. Ltd.
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a Schematic diagram of chemotactic movement of Zn micromotors in Petri dish. b Normalized movement trajectories and c Corresponding statistics of the direction distribution of Zn micromotor movement ( n = 30 independent samples) were recorded when cotton soaked with 150 μM NH 3 ·H 2 O (10 μL) was added to the left side. d Normalized movement trajectories and e Corresponding statistics of the distribution of the direction distribution of Zn micromotors ( n = 30 independent samples) were recorded when cotton soaked with 1500 μM NH 3 ·H 2 O (10 μL) was added to the left side. f The movement speed of each group was compared ( n = 30 independent samples). g The Chemotactic Index (CI) values of each group were compared ( n = 30 independent samples). Results in f , g were shown as box plots (The box represents the interquartile range (IQR), with the middle line indicating the median, the top and bottom edges of the box show the upper (Q3) and lower (Q1) quartiles respectively, while the whiskers extend to the maximum and minimum values of the dataset.) DI Water is control group. h Schematic of chemotaxis of Zn micromotors in a three-inlet microfluidic channel. NH 3 ·H 2 O was introduced via channel A, Zn micromotors was introduced via channel B, and H 2 O is introduced via channel C. i The observation recording site when the solution of each channel reached the steady-state profile. j The trajectories of Zn micromotors were recorded at the junction of channel A and B ( n = 15 independent samples). k) Statistics on the moving direction distribution of Zn micromotors at the junction of channel A and B ( n = 15 independent samples). l The trajectory of Zn micromotors was recorded at the junction of channel B and C ( n = 15 independent samples). m Statistics on the moving direction distribution of Zn micromotors at the junction of channel B and C ( n = 15 independent samples). Data in b – g and j – m represented as mean values ± S.D. P values were analyzed by Student’s t -test (two-tailed). The asterisks (*) denote statistical significance: ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Some elements in this figure are reproduced from the MATRIX resource library, copyright Hangzhou SPHERE Tech. Ltd.

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Chemotactic Zn micromotor for treatment of high blood ammonia-associated hepatic encephalopathy

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-59650-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Schematic diagram of chemotactic movement of Zn micromotors in Petri dish. b Normalized movement trajectories and c Corresponding statistics of the direction distribution of Zn micromotor movement ( n = 30 independent samples) were recorded when cotton soaked with 150 μM NH 3 ·H 2 O (10 μL) was added to the left side. d Normalized movement trajectories and e Corresponding statistics of the distribution of the direction distribution of Zn micromotors ( n = 30 independent samples) were recorded when cotton soaked with 1500 μM NH 3 ·H 2 O (10 μL) was added to the left side. f The movement speed of each group was compared ( n = 30 independent samples). g The Chemotactic Index (CI) values of each group were compared ( n = 30 independent samples). Results in f , g were shown as box plots (The box represents the interquartile range (IQR), with the middle line indicating the median, the top and bottom edges of the box show the upper (Q3) and lower (Q1) quartiles respectively, while the whiskers extend to the maximum and minimum values of the dataset.) DI Water is control group. h Schematic of chemotaxis of Zn micromotors in a three-inlet microfluidic channel. NH 3 ·H 2 O was introduced via channel A, Zn micromotors was introduced via channel B, and H 2 O is introduced via channel C. i The observation recording site when the solution of each channel reached the steady-state profile. j The trajectories of Zn micromotors were recorded at the junction of channel A and B ( n = 15 independent samples). k) Statistics on the moving direction distribution of Zn micromotors at the junction of channel A and B ( n = 15 independent samples). l The trajectory of Zn micromotors was recorded at the junction of channel B and C ( n = 15 independent samples). m Statistics on the moving direction distribution of Zn micromotors at the junction of channel B and C ( n = 15 independent samples). Data in b – g and j – m represented as mean values ± S.D. P values were analyzed by Student’s t -test (two-tailed). The asterisks (*) denote statistical significance: ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Some elements in this figure are reproduced from the MATRIX resource library, copyright Hangzhou SPHERE Tech. Ltd.

Article Snippet: Inspired by this natural phenomenon, we designed a biomimetic chemotaxis system, Zn micromotors for collective migration towards ammonia enriched areas.

Techniques: Control, Chemotaxis Assay, Two Tailed Test